Yes. A schedule sets the days and times when a specific phone number should not be called. Block the desk phone overnight and at weekends while the mobile keeps ringing, or do the reverse.
A schedule belongs to a phone number, not to a filter. That distinction does the useful work: because routing is per filter and silence is per phone, the same alert can reach the desk phone during office hours and the mobile overnight, with no scheduling system in between.
A quiet window drops the message rather than holding it. Mail that arrives while a number is inside its window is not queued for the end of the window and does not ring that phone later. If no other number was set to take the call, the message is readable in Message History and nowhere else. So a quiet window belongs on a phone that has another number behind it, not on the only number an alert can reach.
To stop every call on the account for a while, use Suspended Delivery instead.